Orff, Carl (b Munich, 1895; d Munich, 1982). Ger. composer, teacher, and conductor. Studied Munich Acad., leaving to join army 1914. Worked in opera houses and returned to Munich 1920 for further study with Kaminsky. In 1924 founded the Günther School, Munich, where his life-long interest in children's mus. education began. About this time he made edns. of several operas by Monteverdi, incl. L'incoronazione di Poppea, comp. cantatas and an Entrata for orch. ‘after William Byrd’. In 1937, when his Carmina Burana was f.p., he disowned all his previous works, though some were later rev. and restored. From then he comp. exclusively for the stage, though not conventionally (Carmina Burana, for example, is usually given in a concert version). His mature style is dry and staccato, with much use of perc. and the content of the mus. based on rhythmic patterns and their variations. Harmony is reduced to basic elements, and melody is nearer to rhythmic speech than to the ‘expressive’ ideal of other composers. Prin. works:

STAGE: Trionfi—Trittico Teatrale (Triumphs—theatrical triptych): 1. Carmina Burana (Songs of Beuren), cantiones profanae (1935-6), 2. Catulli Carmina (Songs of Catullus), ludi scaenici (1943), 3. Trionfo di Afrodite (Triumph of Aphrodite), concerto scenico (1950-1). Der Mond (The Moon), ein kleines Welttheater (1937-8, rev. 1945); Antigonae (1940-9); Die Kluge (The Clever Girl) (1941-2); Die Bernauerin (1944-5); Astutuli (1945-6); Comoedia de Christi Resurrectione, an Easter play (1955); Oedipus der Tyrann (1957-8); Ludus de Nato Infante Mirificus, a Christmas play (1960); Ein Sommernachtstraum (A Midsummer Night's Dream), incidental mus. for Shakespeare (1939, rev. 1944, 1952, 1964); Prometheus (1963-7); De temporum fine comoedia (1969-71).

CHORUS & ORCH.: Die Sänger der Vorwelt (The Singer of Former Times) (1955); Nänie und Dithyrambe (1956); Rota (1972).

EDUCATIONAL: Das Schulwerk, Musik für Kinder, 5 vols. (1930-5, rev. 1950-4).

ARRANGEMENTS: Monteverdi: L'incoronazione di Poppea (1925, rev. 1940); Lamenti (triple bill, prod. Schwetzingen 1958, of Lamento d'Arianna, 1925, rev. 1940, La Favola d'Orfeo, 1925, rev. 1931, 1940, Il ballo delle ingrate, 1925, rev. 1940).